Basically, and this is very basic, if you want to access a website you would be accessing port 80 over TCP. If the website was running an SSL cert (such as for e-commerce) then you would need to access it on port 443.
Now in the case of a broadband provider they may opt to only allow their users to access the common ports for non-p2p traffic ie. web browsing and email.
You normally do not have to concern yourself with the technicalities of this unless you are trying to access a port that a firewall or other device or policy is blocking.
A list of commonly used ports:
http://www.iana.org/assignments/port-numbers
A lot of them are for things you would probably never use